The PISA framework
A framework is the document that sets out what PISA measures in each domain, which processes and contexts it covers and how tasks are built. Here its main content is explained in plain language.
PISA does not test knowledge of the curriculum; it tests the ability to apply knowledge in unfamiliar situations. That is why “literacy” in the framework is broader than a school subject: it means using texts, numbers and scientific evidence in everyday life.
In each cycle one of the three literacies is the major domain and is measured in more depth. In 2025 this was science. Each cycle also adds one innovative domain.
Core literacies and PISA 2029
Reading literacy
Finding information in texts, understanding meaning, judging how reliable a source is.
LocateUnderstandEvaluate and reflectMathematical literacy
Turning real situations into mathematics, solving them and checking the result.
FormulateEmployInterpretScientific literacy
Explaining phenomena, designing enquiry, analysing data and evidence.
ExplainEnquireUse informationPISA 2029Media & AI Literacy (MAIL)
The PISA 2029 innovative domain: acting critically and responsibly in a world of media and artificial intelligence.
MediaAICritical evaluationInnovative domains
Since 2012 PISA has measured one new skill in each cycle. Each domain has its own framework, and its ideas transfer well to the classroom.
2012
Creative Problem Solving
2015
Collaborative Problem Solving
2018
Global Competence
2022
Creative Thinking
2025
Learning in the Digital World
2029 · next cycle
Media & AI Literacy (MAIL)
How the study works
Who takes part, how the test is built, what scores and levels mean, and why PISA gives no individual score.
Sources
The text on these pages is our own summary of the frameworks, not an official translation.